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Barker hypothesis

Given by David barker by 1990. Through his cohort studies he states that there is a direct link between a low birth weight baby and preterm baby with Coronary heart disease, Hypertension and non insulin dependent diabetes mallitus in adulthood. This is mainly due to poor Nutrition of the mother before and during pregnancy. The mother should have modifications in health and Nutrition before and during pregnancy and mode of delivery (institutional delivery should be preferred). This will prevent or reduce the complications in baby and treatment of Malnutrition and Metabolic Syndrome is done. 
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Female Foeticide

Ultrasound

  • Female Foeticide is the illegal method of abortion of female Foetus.
  •  The frequency of female Foeticide is increasing day by day.
  • In some areas, sex ratio of female to male had dropped to less than 800:1000.
  • Aborting female Foetus is primarily due to dowry system. Female family has to pay a large amount of money to the would be husband family for marrying her and along with that has to give some furnitures, electronic items as per the demand of male family. The female family who does not agree to its term and conditions are rejected. Unmarried Girls leaving in the house for long time after attaining puberty where insulted and bad humors about them are spread because of which bal vivah usually takes place.
  • The selective abortion of female Foetus is most common in areas where culture norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons.
  • A Son is often preferred as an " Asset" since he can earn and support the family, a Daughter is a " liability" since she would be married and will not contribute financial support to family.
  • There can be significant differences in gender violence and access to food, health care, immunization and education between male and female children.
  • Females not only face inequality in the society but also are denied of the right to be born.
  • Sons are given high priority in decision making and offers security to the family.
  • Female foeticide commonly takes place in rural and a traditional background families due to lack of education and awareness about their importance.
  • The states - Rajasthan, Bangalore, Punjab, Delhi, Himachal are among the rate of female foeticide cases.
  • Natural sex ratio is assumed to be between 103 and 107.
To stop female foeticide following measures are taken by the government:
  • Ban on Ultrasound Testing- 1996- bans prenatal sex determination
  • Hindu Marriage Act- 1955- rules around marriage and divorce for hindu
  • Dowry Prohibition Act- 1961- Prohibits families from taking a dowry and punishment with imprisonment
  • Beti Bachao Campaign- early 2000s- raises awareness amoung people about importance of female and to provide them with equal status in society and thus to decrease the selective abortion
  • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yogna- 22nd January 2015- prevention of gender biased sex selective elimination, ensuring survival and protection of girl child, ensuring education and participation of girl child.



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